Power converter with modular stages

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for electric power conversion includes a converter having a regulating circuit and switching network. The regulating circuit has magnetic storage elements, and switches connected to the magnetic storage elements and controllable to switch between switching configurations. The regulating circuit maintains an average DC current through a magnetic storage element. The switching network includes charge storage elements connected to switches that are controllable to switch between plural switch configurations. In one configuration, the switches forms an arrangement of charge storage elements in which at least one charge storage element is charged using the magnetic storage element through the network input or output port. In another, the switches form an arrangement of charge storage elements in which an element discharges using the magnetic storage element through one of the input port and output port of the switching network.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/513,747, filed on Oct. 14, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/771,904, filed on Feb. 20, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,860,396, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2012/036455, filed on May 4, 2012, which claims the benefit of the priority date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/482,838, filed on May 5, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/548,360, filed on Oct. 18, 2011; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/577,271, filed on Dec. 19, 2011. The content of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates to power supplies, and in particular to power converters.

BACKGROUND

Many power converters include switches and one or more capacitors that are used, for example, to power portable electronic devices and consumer electronics. Switch-mode power converters regulate the output voltage or current by switching energy storage elements (i.e. inductors and capacitors) into different electrical configurations using a switch network. Switched capacitor converters are switch-mode power converters that primarily use capacitors to transfer energy. In such converters, the number of capacitors and switches increases as the transformation ratio increases. Switches in the switch network are usually active devices that are implemented with transistors. The switch network may be integrated on a single or on multiple monolithic semiconductor substrates, or formed using discrete devices.

Typical DC-DC converters perform voltage transformation and output regulation. This is usually done in a single-stage converter such as a buck converter. However it is possible to split these two functions into two specialized stages, namely a transformation stage, such as a switching network, and a separate regulation stage, such as a regulating circuit. The transformation stage transforms one voltage into another, while the regulation stage ensures that the voltage and/or current output of the transformation stage maintains desired characteristics.

For example, referring to FIG. 1, in one converter 10, a switching network 12A is connected to a voltage source 14 at an input end thereof Δn input of a regulating circuit 16A is then connected to an output of the switching network 12A. A load 18A is then connected to an output of the regulating circuit 16A. Power flows between the voltage source 14 and the load 18A in the direction indicated by the arrows. Such a converter is described in US Patent Publication 2009/0278520, filed on May 8, 2009, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the invention features an apparatus for electric power conversion. Such an apparatus includes a converter having an input terminal and an output terminal. The converter includes a regulating circuit having an inductance, and switching elements connected to the inductance. These switching elements are controllable to switch between switching configurations. The regulating circuit maintains an average DC current through the inductance. The converter also includes a switching network having an input port and an output port. This switching network includes charge storage elements and switching elements connected to the charge storage elements. These switching elements are controllable to switch between switch configurations. In one switch configuration, the switching elements form a first arrangement of charge storage elements in which a charge storage element is charged through one of the input port and the output port of the switching network. In another configuration, the switching elements form a second arrangement of charge storage elements in which a charge storage element is discharged through one of the input port and output port of the switching network. The switching network and regulating circuit also satisfy at least one of the following configurations: (1) the regulating circuit is connected between the output terminal of the converter and the switching network, the switching network being an adiabatically charged switching network; (2) the regulating circuit is connected between the output terminal of the converter and the switching network, wherein either the switching network is a multiphase switching network, the switching network and the regulating circuit are bidirectional, or the regulator circuit is multi-phase; (3) the regulating circuit is connected between the input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network, the switching network being an adiabatically charged switching network; (4) the regulating circuit is connected between the input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network, and either the switching network is a multiphase switching network, the switching network and the regulating circuit are bidirectional, or the regulator circuit is multi-phase; (5) the switching circuit is connected between the regulating circuit and an additional regulating circuit; or (6) the regulating circuit is connected between the switching network and an additional switching network.

Embodiments of the invention include those in which the switching network includes a reconfigurable switching network and those in which the switching network includes a multi-phase switching network.

Other embodiments include those in which the regulating circuit includes a bidirectional regulating circuit those in which the regulating circuit includes a multi-phase regulating circuit, those in which the regulating circuit is bidirectional and includes a switch-mode power converter, those in which the regulating circuit is bidirectional regulating circuit and includes a resonant power converter, those in which the regulating circuit is connected to an output of the switching network, and those in which the regulating circuit is connected between the output terminal of the converter and the switching network, the switching network being an adiabatically charged switching network.

In other embodiments, the regulating circuit is connected between the output terminal of the converter and a switching network, and either the switching network is a multi-phase switching network, the switching network and the regulating circuit are bidirectional, or the regulator circuit is multi-phase.

In other embodiments, the regulating circuit is connected between the input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network, the switching network being an adiabatically charged switching network.

In yet other embodiments, the regulating circuit is connected between the input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network, and either the switching network is a multi-phase switching network, the switching network and the regulating circuit are bidirectional, or the regulator circuit is multi-phase.

Among the embodiments of the invention are those in which the switching circuit is connected between the regulating circuit and an additional regulating circuit, and those in which the regulating circuit is connected between the switching network and an additional switching network.

In additional embodiments, the switching circuit is configured as an AC switching circuit. Among these embodiments are those that also include a power-factor correction circuit connected to the AC switching circuit. Among these embodiments are those in which this power-factor correction circuit is connected between the AC switching circuit and the regulating circuit.

In another aspect, the invention features an apparatus including a converter having an input terminal and an output terminal. The converter includes a switching network having an input port and output port. This switching network includes charge storage elements, and switching elements connected to the charge storage elements. The switching elements are controllable to arrange the charge storage elements into a selected configuration. In at least one configuration, the switching elements form a first group of charge storage elements for discharging the charge storage elements through the output port of the switching network. In another, the switching elements form a second group of charge storage elements for charging the charge storage elements through the input port of the switching network. The converter also includes a bi-directional regulating circuit connected between at least one of an input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network and an output terminal of the converter and an output port of the switching network.

In some embodiments, the switching network includes a multi-phase switching network.

Also included among the embodiments are those in which the bidirectional regulating circuit includes a buck/boost circuit and those in which the bidirectional regulating circuit includes a split-pi circuit.

In another aspect, the invention features a converter having an input terminal and an output terminal. The converter includes a switching network having an input port and output port, charge storage elements, and switching elements connected to the charge storage elements for arranging the charge storage elements into one of a plurality of configurations. In one configuration, the switching elements form a first group of charge storage elements for discharging the charge storage elements through the output port of the switching network. In another configuration, the switching elements form a second group of charge storage elements for charging the charge storage elements through the input port of the switching network. The converter further includes a regulating circuit configured to provide a stepped-up voltage and connected between the output terminal of the converter and an output port of the switching network.

In yet another aspect, the invention features an apparatus having an input terminal and output terminal, and a switching network having an input port and output port, charge storage elements, and switching elements connected to the charge storage elements. The switching elements are controllable for causing the switching elements to be arranged in a plurality of configurations. In one configuration, the switching elements form a first group of charge storage elements for discharging the charge storage elements through the output port of the switching network. In another configuration the switching elements form a second group of charge storage elements for charging the charge storage elements through the input port of the switching network. The apparatus further includes a source regulating circuit connected between an input terminal of the converter and an input port of the switching network.

Some embodiments also include a load regulating circuit connected between an output terminal of the converter and an output port of the switching network.

In another aspect, the invention features a manufacture including multiple switching networks and regulating circuits having inputs and outputs that permit modular interconnections thereof for assembly of a DC-DC converter.

In some embodiments, at least one switching network includes a switched capacitor network. Among these are those in which the switched capacitor network includes an adiabatically charged switched capacitor network. These embodiments also include those in which the adiabatically charged switched capacitor network includes a cascade multiplier. In some of these embodiments, the cascade multiplier is driven by complementary clocked current sources.

In other embodiments, at least one regulating circuit includes a linear regulator.

Embodiments also include those in which the DC-DC converter includes series-connected switched capacitor networks, and those in which the DC-DC converter includes multiple regulating circuits that share a common switching network.

These and other features of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying figures, in which:

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a known DC-DC converter with separate regulating circuit and switching network;

FIG. 1A shows a bidirectional version of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 2-4 show DC-DC converters with alternate configurations of regulating circuits and switching networks;

FIG. 5 shows a particular implementation of the power converter illustrated in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment with multiple regulating circuits;

FIG. 7 shows an RC circuit;

FIG. 8 shows a model of a switched capacitor DC-DC converter;

FIGS. 9A and 9B show a series-parallel SC converter operating in charge phase and discharge phase respectively;

FIG. 10 shows a series pumped symmetric cascade multiplier with diodes;

FIG. 11 shows a parallel pumped symmetric cascade multiplier with diodes;

FIG. 12 shows charge pump signals;

FIG. 13 shows a two-phase symmetric series pumped cascade multiplier with switches;

FIG. 14 shows a two-phase symmetric parallel pumped cascade multiplier with switches;

FIG. 15 shows four different cascade multipliers along with corresponding half-wave versions;

FIG. 16 shows output impedance of a switched-capacitor converter as a function of frequency;

FIG. 17 shows a particular implementation of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 1A with a full-wave adiabatically charged switching network;

FIG. 18 shows the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 17 during phase A;

FIG. 19 shows the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 17 during phase B;

FIG. 20 shows various waveforms associated with a 4:1 adiabatically charged converter;

FIG. 21 shows adiabatic charging of series connected stages;

FIG. 22 shows a particular implementation of the power converter illustrated in FIG. 21;

FIG. 23 shows an AC voltage rectified using a reconfigured switched-capacitor stage;

FIG. 24 shows an AC-DC power converter architecture;

FIG. 25 shows a particular implementation of the AC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 24;

FIG. 26 shows the AC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 25 during the positive portion of the AC cycle;

FIG. 27 shows the AC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 25 during the negative portion of the AC cycle;

FIG. 28 shows an AC-DC power converter architecture with power-factor correction;

FIGS. 29 and 30 show particular implementations of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIGS. 31 and 32 show particular implementations of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 3;

FIGS. 33 and 34 show particular implementations of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 2; and

FIGS. 35 and 36 show particular implementations of the DC-DC converter illustrated in FIG. 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments described herein rely at least in part on the recognition that in a multi-stage DC-DC converter, a switching network and a regulating circuit can be made essentially modular and can be mixed and matched in a variety of different ways. This provides a transformative integrated power solution (TIPS™) for the assembly of such converters. As such, the configuration shown in FIG. 1 represents only one of multiple ways to configure one or more switching networks 12A with one or more regulating circuits 16A. FIG. 1A shows a bidirectional version of FIG. 1, where power can flow either from a voltage source 14 to a load 18A or from the load 18A to the voltage source 14 as indicated by the arrows.

There are two fundamental elements described in connection with the following embodiments: switching networks and regulating circuits. Assuming series connected elements of the same type are combined, there are a total of four basic building blocks. These are shown FIGS. 1-4. The embodiments disclosed herein include at least one of the four basic building blocks shown in FIGS. 1-4.

Additional embodiments further contemplate the application of object-oriented programming concepts to the design of DC-DC converters by enabling switching networks 12A and regulating circuits 16A to be “instantiated” in a variety of different ways, so long as their inputs and outputs continue to match in a way that facilitates modular assembly of DC-DC converters having various properties.

The switching network 12A in many embodiments is instantiated as a switching capacitor network. Among the more useful switched capacitor topologies are: Ladder, Dickson, Series-Parallel, Fibonacci, and Doubler, all of which can be adiabatically charged and configured into multi-phase networks. A particularly useful switching capacitor network is an adiabatically charged version of a full-wave cascade multiplier. However, diabatically charged versions can also be used.

As used herein, changing the charge on a capacitor adiabatically means causing an amount of charge stored in that capacitor to change by passing the charge through a non-capacitive element. A positive adiabatic change in charge on the capacitor is considered adiabatic charging while a negative adiabatic change in charge on the capacitor is considered adiabatic discharging. Examples of non-capacitive elements include inductors, magnetic elements, resistors, and combinations thereof.

In some cases, a capacitor can be charged adiabatically for part of the time and diabatically for the rest of the time. Such capacitors are considered to be adiabatically charged. Similarly, in some cases, a capacitor can be discharged adiabatically for part of the time and diabatically for the rest of the time. Such capacitors are considered to be adiabatically discharged.

Diabatic charging includes all charging that is not adiabatic and diabatic discharging includes all discharging that is not adiabatic.

As used herein, an adiabatically charged switching network is a switching network having at least one capacitor that is both adiabatically charged and adiabatically discharged. A diabatically charged switching network is a switching network that is not an adiabatically charged switching network.

The regulating circuit 16A can be instantiated as any converter with the ability to regulate the output voltage. A buck converter for example, is an attractive candidate due to its high efficiency and speed. Other suitable regulating circuits 16A include boost converters, buck/boost converters, fly-back converters, Cuk converters, resonant converters, and linear regulators.

In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 2, a voltage source 14 provides an input to a first switching network 12A, which is instantiated as a switched capacitor network. The output of the first switching network 12A is a lower voltage than the input voltage that is provided to a regulating circuit 16A (e.g. a buck, a boost, or a buck/boost converter). This regulating circuit 16A provides a regulated input voltage to a second switching network 12B, such as another switched capacitor network. A high voltage output of this second switching network 12B is then applied to a load 18A.

An embodiment such as that shown in FIG. 2 can be configured to regulate the load 18A or to regulate the source 14 depending on the direction of energy flow.

In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 3, a low voltage source 14 connects to an input of a regulating circuit 16A, the output of which is provided to an input of a switching network 12A to be boosted to a higher DC value. The output of the switching network is then provided to a load 18A.

An embodiment such as that shown in FIG. 3 can be used to regulate the source 14 or the load 18A depending on the direction of energy flow.

Referring now to FIG. 4, another embodiment of a converter 100 includes a first regulating circuit 300A connected to an input 102 thereof and a second regulating circuit 300B connected to an output 104 thereof. Between the first and second regulating circuits 300A, 300B is a switching network 200 having an input 202 and an output 204. The switching network includes charge storage elements 210 interconnected by switches 212. These charge storage elements 210 are divided into first and second groups 206, 208.

In some embodiments, the switching network 200 can be a bidirectional switching capacitor network such as that shown in FIG. 5. The switching capacitor network in FIG. 5 features a first capacitor 20 and a second capacitor 22 in parallel. A first switch 24 selectively connects one of the first and second capacitors 20, 22 to a first regulating circuit 300A, and a second switch 26 selectively connects one of the first and second capacitors 20, 22 to the second regulating circuit 300B. Both the first and second switches 24, 26 can be operated at high frequency, thus facilitating the adiabatic charging and discharging of the first and second capacitors 20, 22.

The particular embodiment shown in FIG. 5 has a two-phase switching network 200. However, other types of switching networks can be used instead.

In yet another embodiment, shown in FIG. 6, multiple regulating circuits 16A, 16B, 16C are provided at an output of a first switching network 12A for driving multiple loads 18A-18C. For one of the loads 18C, a second switching network 12B is provided between the load 18C and the corresponding regulating circuit 16C thus creating a pathway similar to that shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 6 thus provides an example of how the modular construction of regulating circuits and switching networks facilitates the ability to mix and match components to provide flexibility in DC-DC converter construction.

A switched capacitor (SC) DC-DC power converter includes a network of switches and capacitors. By cycling the network through different topological states using these switches, one can transfer energy from an input to an output of the SC network. Some converters, known as “charge pumps,” can be used to produce high voltages in FLASH and other reprogrammable memories.

FIG. 7 shows a capacitor C initially charged to some value V_(C)(0). At t=0 the switch S is closed. At that instant, a brief surge of current flows as the capacitor C charges to its final value of V_(in). The rate of charging can be described by a time constant τ=RC, which indicates the time it takes the voltage to either rise or fall to within lie of its final value. The exact capacitor voltage v_(c)(t) and current i_(c)(t) are given by the following equations:

$\begin{matrix} {{{v_{c}(t)} = {{v_{c}(0)} + {\left\lbrack {V_{in} - {v_{c}(0)}} \right\rbrack\left( {1 - {\mathbb{e}}^{{- t}\text{/}{RC}}} \right)}}},{and}} & (1.1) \\ {{i_{c}(t)} = {{C\frac{\mathbb{d}v_{c}}{\mathbb{d}t}} = {\frac{V_{in} - {v_{c}(0)}}{R}{{\mathbb{e}}^{{- t}\text{/}{RC}}.}}}} & (1.2) \end{matrix}$

The energy loss incurred while charging the capacitor can be found by calculating the energy dissipated in resistor R, which is E _(loss)(t)=∫_(t=0) ^(∞) i _(R)(t)×v _(R)(t)dt=∫ _(t=0) ^(∞)[i _(c)(t)]² Rdt.  (1.3)

The equation can be further simplified by substituting the expression for i_(c)(t) from equation (1.2) into equation (1.3). Evaluating the integral then yields E _(loss)(t)=½[V _(in) −v _(c)(0)]² C[1−e ^(−2t/RC)].

If the transients are allowed to settle (i.e. t→∞), the total energy loss incurred in charging the capacitor is independent of its resistance R. In that case, the amount of energy loss is equal to E _(loss)(∞)=½CΔv _(c) ²

A switched capacitor converter can be modeled as an ideal transformer, as shown in FIG. 8, with a finite output resistance R_(o) that accounts for the power loss incurred in charging or discharging of the energy transfer capacitors, as shown in FIG. 8. This loss is typically dissipated in the ON resistance of the MOSFETs and equivalent series resistance of the capacitors.

The output voltage of the switched-capacitor converter is given by

$V_{o} = {{V_{in}\frac{N_{2}}{N_{1}}} - {I_{o}R_{o}}}$

There are two limiting cases where the operation of the switched capacitor converters can be simplified and R_(o) easily found. These are referred to as the “slow-switching limit” and the “fast-switching limit.”

In the fast-switching limit (τ>>T_(sw)), the charging and discharging currents are approximately constant, resulting in a triangular AC ripple on the capacitors. Hence, R_(o) is sensitive to the series resistance of the MOSFETs and capacitors, but is not a function of the operating frequency. In this case, the output resistance of the converter operating in the fast-switching limit is a function of parasitic resistance.

In the slow-switching limit, the switching period T_(sw) is much longer than the RC time constant τ of the energy transfer capacitors. Under this condition, systemic energy loss irrespective of the resistance of the capacitors and switches. This systemic energy loss arises in part because the root mean square (RMS) of the charging and discharging current is a function of the RC time constant. If the effective resistance R_(eff) of the charging path is reduced (i.e. reduced RC), the RMS current increases and it so happens that the total charging energy loss (E_(loss)=I_(RMS) ²R_(eff)=½C×ΔV_(C2)) is independent of R_(eff). One solution to minimize this energy loss is to increase the size of the pump capacitors in the switched capacitor network.

It is desirable for a switching capacitor network to have a common ground, large transformation ratio, low switch stress, low DC capacitor voltage, and low output resistance. Among the more useful topologies are: Ladder, Dickson, Series-Parallel, Fibonacci, and Doubler.

One useful converter is a series-parallel switched capacitor converter. FIGS. 9A and 9B show a 2:1 series-parallel switched capacitor converter operating in charge phase and in discharge phase, respectively. During the charge phase, the capacitors are in series. In the discharge phase, the capacitors are in parallel. In its charge phase, capacitor voltages v_(C1) and v_(C2) add up to V₁ while in its discharge phase, v_(C1) and v_(C2) equal V₂, which means that V₂=V₁/2.

Other useful topologies are cascade multiplier topologies, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. In both charge pumps, the source is located at V₁ and the load is located at V₂. In these types of charge pumps, packets of charge are pumped along a diode chain as the coupling capacitors are successively charged and discharged. As shown in FIG. 12, clock signals v_(clk) and v_(clk) with amplitude v_(pump) are 180 degrees out of phase. The coupling capacitors can either be pumped in series or parallel.

It takes n clock cycles for the initial charge to reach the output. The charge on the final pump capacitor is n times larger than the charge on the initial pump capacitor and thus the output voltage V₂ for the converters is V₁+(n−1)×v_(pump) in both pumping configurations.

Although the foregoing topologies are suitable for stepping up voltage, they can also be used to step down voltage by switching the location of the source and the load. In such cases, the diodes can be replaced with controlled switches such as MOSFETs and BJTs.

The foregoing cascade multipliers are half-wave multipliers in which charge is transferred during one phase of the of the clock signal. This causes a discontinuous input current. Both of these cascade multipliers can be converted into full-wave multipliers by connecting two half-wave multipliers in parallel and running the half-wave multipliers 180 degrees out of phase. FIG. 13 shows a full-wave symmetric series pumped cascade multiplier version while FIG. 14 shows a full-wave symmetric parallel pumped cascade multiplier version. Unlike the diodes in the half-multiplier, the switches in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14 are bidirectional. As a result, in both of these cascade multipliers, power can flow either from the source to the load or from the load to the source. Asymmetric multipliers can also be converted into full-wave multipliers

FIG. 15 shows four different step-up versions of full-wave symmetric multipliers along with their corresponding half-wave versions. Furthermore, it is possible to combine N phases in parallel and run them 180 degrees/N out of phase to reduce output voltage ripple and increase output power handling capability.

The basic building blocks in the modular architecture shown FIGS. 1-4 can either be connected as independent entities or coupled entities. In the situation where the switching networks and regulating circuits are tightly coupled, it is possible to prevent and/or reduce the systemic energy loss mechanism of the switching networks through adiabatic charging. This generally includes using a regulating circuit to control the charging and discharging of the capacitors in the switching network. Furthermore, the output voltage of the regulating circuit and thus the total converter can be regulated in response to external stimuli. One approach to regulating the output voltage is by controlling the average DC current in the magnetic storage element.

A desirable feature of a regulating circuit is to limit the root mean square (RMS) current through the capacitors in the switching network. To do that, the regulating circuit uses either resistive or magnetic storage elements. Unfortunately, resistive elements would consume power so their use is less desirable. Therefore, embodiments described herein rely on a combination of switches and a magnetic storage element in the regulating circuit. The regulating circuit limits the RMS current by forcing the capacitor current through a magnetic storage element in a regulating circuit that has an average DC current. The switches in the regulating circuit are operated so as to maintain an average DC current through the magnetic storage element.

The regulating circuit may limit both the RMS charging current and the RMS discharging current of at least one capacitor in the switching network. A single regulating circuit may limit the current in or out of switching network by sinking and/or sourcing current. Therefore, there are four fundamental configurations, which are shown in FIGS. 1-4. Assuming power flows from source to load then, in FIG. 1, regulating circuit 16A may sink both the charging and discharging current of switching network 12A. In FIG. 3, regulating circuit 16A may source both the charging and discharging current of switching network 12A. In FIG. 4, regulating circuit 300A may source the charging current of switching network 200 and regulating circuit 300B may sink the discharging current of the same switching network 200 and vice-versa. In FIG. 2, regulating circuit 16A may source both the charging and discharging current of switching network 12B while also sinking both the charging and discharging current of switching network 12A. Furthermore, if both the switching networks and regulating circuits allow power to flow in both directions then bidirectional power flow is possible (source to load and load to source).

One embodiment relies on at least partially adiabatically charging full-wave cascade multipliers. Cascade multipliers are a preferred switching network because of their superior fast-switching limit impedance, ease of scaling up in voltage, and low switch stress.

In cascade multipliers, the coupling capacitors are typically pumped with a clocked voltage source v_(clk) & v_(clk) . However, if the coupling capacitors are pumped with a clocked current source i_(clk) & i_(clk) instead, then the RMS charging and discharging current in the coupling capacitor may be limited. In this case, the capacitors are at least partially charged adiabatically thus lowering, if not eliminating, the ½C×ΔVc² loss that is associated with a switched capacitor converter when operated in the slow-switching limit. This has the effect of lowering the output impedance to the fast-switching limit impedance. As shown by the black dotted line in FIG. 16, which depicts adiabatic operation under full adiabatic charging, the output impedance would no longer be a function of switching frequency.

With all else being equal, an adiabatically charged switched-capacitor converter can operate at a much lower switching frequency than a conventionally charged switched capacitor converter, but at higher efficiency. Conversely, an adiabatically charged switched-capacitor converter can operate at the same frequency and with the same efficiency as a conventionally charged switched-capacitor converter, but with much smaller coupling capacitors, for example between four and ten times smaller.

FIG. 17 shows a step-down converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 1A. However, in this embodiment, the switching network 12A is adiabatically charged using the regulating circuit 16A. The clocked current sources i_(clk) & i_(clk) are emulated by four switches and regulating circuit 16A. The output capacitor C_(O) has also been removed so as to allow V_(X) to swing. In this example, the regulating circuit 16A is a boost converter that behaves as constant source with a small AC ripple. Any power converter that has a non-capacitive input impedance would have allowed adiabatic operation. Although switch-mode power converters are attractive candidates due to their high efficiency, linear regulators are also practical.

In operation, closing switches labeled 1 charges capacitors C₄, C₅, and C₆ while discharging capacitors C₁, C₂ and C₃. Similarly, closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. The first topological state (phase A) is shown in FIG. 18, where all switches labeled 1 are closed and all switches labeled 2 are opened. Similarly, the second topological state (phase B) is shown in FIG. 19, where all switches labeled 2 are closed and all switches labeled 1 are opened. In this embodiment, the regulating circuit 16A limits the RMS charge and discharging current of each capacitor. For example, capacitor C₃ is discharged through the filter inductor in regulating circuit 16A during phase A, while capacitor C₃ is charged through the filter inductor in regulating circuit 16A during phase B, clearly demonstrating the adiabatic concept. Furthermore, all of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.

A few representative node voltages and currents are shown in FIG. 20. There is a slight amount of distortion on the rising and falling edges of the two illustrated currents (I_(P1) and I_(P2)), but for the most part, the currents resemble two clocks 180 degrees out of phase. In general, adiabatic charging occurs in cascade multipliers if at least one end of a switch stack is not loaded with capacitance, as is the case in this embodiment, where the V_(X) node is loaded down by the regulating circuit 16A.

The modular architecture with the basic building blocks shown in FIGS. 1-4 may be expanded to cover a wider range of applications, such as high-voltage DC, AC-DC, buck-boost, and multiple output voltages. Each of these applications includes separating the transformation and regulation functions. Extension of the architecture can also incorporate adiabatically charged switched capacitors converters.

In many switched-capacitor converters, the number of capacitors and switches increases linearly with the transformation ratio. Thus, a large number of capacitors and switches are required if the transformation ratio is large. Alternatively, a large transformation ratio can be achieved by connecting numerous low gain stages in series as depicted in FIG. 21. The transformation ratio of the total switch capacitor stack (V_(in)/V_(x)) is as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{V_{in}}{V_{x}} = {N_{1} \times N_{2}\ldots\; N_{n}}} & (2.1) \end{matrix}$

The main disadvantage of the series stacked configuration is that the voltage stresses on the front stages are much higher than those of the rear stages. This will normally require stages with different voltage ratings and sizes.

Adiabatic charging of a preceding series-connected switching network only occurs if the following switching network controls the charging and discharging current of the preceding stage. Thus, it is preferable to use full-wave switched-capacitor converters in the front stages or to use switched-capacitor stages such as the single-phase series-parallel switched-capacitor converters with magnetic based filters.

FIG. 22 shows a converter with two series-connected switching networks consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 21. Both switching networks 12A and 12D are two-phase cascade multipliers. In operation, switches labeled 1 and 2 are always in complementary states and switches labeled 7 and 8 are always in complementary states. Thus, in a first switched-state, all switches labeled “1” are open and all switches labeled “2” are closed. In a second switched-state, all switches labeled “1” are closed and all switches labeled “2” are opened. In this embodiment, closing switches 1 charges the capacitors C₁, C₂, C₃, while discharging the capacitors C₄, C₅, C₆ and closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. Also, closing switches 7 charges capacitors C₇, C₈, C₉, while discharging capacitors C₁₀, C₁₁, C₁₂ and closing switches 8 has the complementary effect.

The power converter provides a total step-down of 32:1, assuming the regulating circuit 16A is a buck converter with a nominal step-down ratio of 2:1. Furthermore, if the input voltage is 32 V and the output voltage is 1 V, then the switches in the first switching network 12A will need to block 8 volts while the switches in the second switching network 12D will need to block 2 volts.

The modular architecture with the basic building blocks shown in FIGS. 1-4 may be configured to handle an AC input voltage as well. One of the main attributes of switched capacitor converters is their ability to operate efficiency over a large input range by reconfiguring the switched-capacitor network. If the AC wall voltage (i.e. 60 Hz & 120 V_(RMS)) can be thought of as a slow moving DC voltage, then the front-end switched-capacitor stage should be able to unfold the time-varying input voltage into a relatively stable DC voltage.

A diagram of a 120 V_(RMS) AC waveform over a single 60 Hz cycle overlaid with the unfolded DC voltage is shown in FIG. 23. The AC switching network has different configurations (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) at its disposal along with an inverting stage. It was also designed to keep the DC voltage under 60 V. Once the AC voltage is unfolded, it is the job of the regulating circuit 16A, shown in FIG. 24, to produce a final output voltage. It may also be necessary to place another switching network 16A between the AC switching network 13A and regulating circuit 16A to further condition the voltage. If this is the case, then the caveats for series-connected stages hold true since the AC switching network 13A is a special purpose switching network 12A.

FIG. 25 shows the AC-DC converter corresponding to the architecture shown in FIG. 24. In this embodiment, the AC switching network 13A is a synchronous AC bridge followed by a reconfigurable two-phase step-down cascade multiplier with three distinct conversion ratios (1/3, 1/2, 1/1) while the regulating circuit 16A is a synchronous buck converter. In operation, switches labeled 7 and 8 are always in complementary states. During the positive portion of the AC cycle (0 to π radians) all switches 7 are closed while all switches labeled 8 are opened as shown in FIG. 26. Similarly, during the negative portion of the AC cycle (π to 2π radians) all switches labeled 8 are closed while all switches labeled 7 are opened as shown in FIG. 27.

In addition to the inverting function provided by switches 7 and 8, the switches labeled 1A-1E and switches labeled 2A-2E may be selectively opened and closed as shown in Table 1 to provide three distinct conversion ratios of: 1/3, 1/2 and 1.

TABLE 1 V₂/V₁ 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 1/3 CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK CLKB CLKB CLKB CLKB CLKB 1/2 CLKB CLK CLK CLK CLK CLK CLKB CLKB CLKB CLKB 1/1 ON ON ON OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF

The AC switching network 13A is provided with a digital clock signal CLK. A second signal CLKB is also generated, which may simply be the complement of CLK (i.e. is high when CLK is low and low when CLK is high), or which may be generated as a non-overlapping complement as is well known in the art. With a switching pattern set in accordance with the first row of Table 1, the AC switching network 13A provides a step-down ratio of one-third (⅓). With a switching pattern set in accordance with the second row of Table 1, the AC switching network 13A provides a step-down ratio of one-half (½). With a switching pattern set in accordance with the first row of Table 1, the AC switching network 13A provides a step-down ratio of one.

Most power supplies attached to the wall meet some power factor specification. Power factor is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1 that defines a ratio of the real power flowing to apparent power. A common way to control the harmonic current and thus boost the power factor is by using an active power factor corrector, as shown in FIG. 28. The power-factor correction circuit 17A causes the input current to be in phase with the line voltage, thus causing reactive power consumption to be zero.

FIGS. 29-36 show specific implementations of power converters that conform to the architectural diagrams shown in FIGS. 1-4. In each implementation a regulating circuit or multiple regulating circuits may limit both the RMS charging current and the RMS discharging current of at least one capacitor in each switching network so all of these switching networks are adiabatically charged switching networks. However, if decoupling capacitors 9A or 9B are present, then the ability of the regulating circuit to limit the RMS charging and discharging current may be diminished. Capacitors 9A and 9B are optional and to keep the output voltage fairly constant capacitor C_(O) is used. Furthermore, for simplicity, the switching network in each implementation has a single conversion ratio. However, reconfigurable switching networks that provide power conversion at multiple distinct conversion ratios may be used instead.

In operation, switches labeled 1 and 2 are always in complementary states. Thus, in a first switched-state, all switches labeled “1” are open and all switches labeled “2” are closed. In a second switched-state, all switches labeled “1” are closed and all switches labeled “2” are opened. Similarly, switches labeled “3” are “4” are in complementary states, switches labeled “5” are “6” are in complementary states, and switches labeled “7” are “8” are in complementary states. Typically, the regulating circuits operate at higher switching frequencies than the switching networks. However, there is no requirement on the switching frequencies between and amongst the switching networks and regulating circuits.

FIG. 29 shows a step-up converter corresponding to the architecture shown in FIG. 1. In this embodiment, the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-up cascade multiplier with a conversion ratio of 1:3 while the regulating circuit 16A is two-phase boost converter. In operation, closing switches labeled 1 and opening switches labeled 2 charges capacitors C₃ and C₄ while discharging capacitors C₁ and C₂. Conversely, opening switches labeled 1 and closing switches labeled 2 charges capacitors C₁, and C₂ while discharging capacitors C₃ and C₄.

FIG. 30 shows bidirectional step-down converter corresponding to the architecture shown in FIG. 1A. In this embodiment, the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-down cascade multiplier with a conversion ratio of 4:1 while the regulating circuit 16A is synchronous buck converter. In operation, closing switches labeled 1 and opening switches labeled 2 charges capacitors C₁, C₂, and C₃ while discharging capacitors C₄, C₅, and C₆. Conversely, opening switches labeled 1 and closing switches labeled 2 charges capacitors C₄, C₅, and C₆ while discharging capacitors C₁, C₂, and C₃. All of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.

FIG. 31 shows a step-up converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the regulating circuit 16A is boost converter while the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitor C₂ while discharging capacitor C₁. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect.

FIG. 32 shows a bidirectional up-down converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the regulating circuit 16A is synchronous four switch buck-boost converter while the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-up cascade multiplier with a conversion ratio of 4:1. In operation, closing switches labeled 1 charges capacitors C₄, C₅, and C₆ while discharging capacitors C₁, C₂, and C₃. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. All of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.

FIG. 33 shows an inverting up-down converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, the switching network 12A is a step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1, the regulating circuit 16A is a buck/boost converter and the switching network 12B is a step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitor C₁ while closing switches 2 discharges capacitor C₁. Similarly, closing switches 7 discharges capacitor C₂ while closing switches 8 charges capacitor C₂.

FIG. 34 shows a bidirectional inverting up-down converter consistent with the architecture shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, the switching network 12A is a two-phase step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1, the regulating circuit 16A is a synchronous buck/boost converter and the switching network 12B is a two-phase step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitor C₁ while discharging capacitor C₂. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. Similarly, closing switches 7 charges capacitor C₄ while discharging capacitor C₃. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. All of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.

FIG. 35 shows a step-down converter consistent with the block diagram shown in FIG. 4. In this embodiment, the regulating 300A is a boost converter, the switching network 200 is a two-phase step-up series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 2:1 and the regulating circuit 300B is a boost converter. In operation, closing switches labeled 1 charges capacitors C₁ and C₂ while simultaneously discharging capacitors C₃ and C₄. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect.

FIG. 36 shows a bidirectional up-down converter consistent with the block diagram shown in FIG. 4. In this embodiment, the regulating 300A is a synchronous boost converter, the switching network 200 is a two-phase fractional step-down series-parallel SC converter with a conversion ratio of 3:2 and the regulating circuit 300B is a synchronous buck converter. In operation, closing switches 1 charges capacitors C₃ and C₄ while simultaneously discharging capacitors C₁ and C₂. Closing switches 2 has the complementary effect. All of the active components are implemented with switches so the converter can process power in both directions.

It should be understood that the topology of the regulating circuit can be any type of power converter with the ability to regulate the output voltage, including, but without limitation, synchronous buck, three-level synchronous buck, SEPIC, soft switched or resonant converters. Similarly, the switching networks can be realized with a variety of switched-capacitor topologies, depending on desired voltage transformation and permitted switch voltage.

Having described one or more preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating these circuits, techniques and concepts may be used. Accordingly, it is submitted that the scope of the patent should not be limited to the described embodiments, but rather, should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for electric power conversion, said apparatus comprising a converter, said converter comprising a switching network having a high-voltage terminal, a low-voltage terminal, and switching elements that control current flow between said high-voltage terminal and an inductor connected to said low-voltage terminal through which a non-zero average DC current flows during operation of said converter, and a controller configured for causing said switching network to be in one of first, second, and third states, wherein, in said first state, said controller causes said switching elements and a first charge-storage element to assume a first arrangement that defines a first path along which first current flows through said switching network between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal, wherein, in said second state said controller causes said switching elements and a second charge-storage element to assume a second arrangement that defines a second path along which second current flows through said switching network between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal, wherein, in said third state, said controller configures said switching elements to suppress current between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal to a level that is below an absolute value of an average of said first and second currents, wherein during said first state there is a non-zero average change in charge stored in said first charge-storage element, and wherein during said second state there is a non-zero average change in charge stored in said second charge-storage element.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising said inductor.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said inductor is a constituent of a regulating circuit.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said inductor is a constituent of a buck converter.
 5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said inductor is a constituent of a boost converter.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said switching network is a full-wave switching network.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said first and second arrangements cause an amount of charge on said first and second charge-storage elements to change by causing charge to pass through said inductor.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said controller is configured such that, during first and second time intervals, said controller connects said inductor to said switching network, and during a third time interval between said first and second time intervals, said controller disconnects said inductor from said switching network.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said controller further comprises circuitry for providing a basis for said controller to determine when to transition between said states.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one of said low-voltage and high-voltage terminal is connected to said controller, and wherein said controller is configured to control operation of said switching network based at least in part on information obtained from said at least one of said low-voltage and high-voltage terminal.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said controller is configured to control operation of said switching network based at least in part on current through said switching network.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said switching network is configured such that an absolute value of a voltage difference at said high-voltage terminal is greater than twice an absolute value of a voltage difference at said low-voltage terminal.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a third charge-storage element connected to said low-voltage terminal.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said third charge-storage element has a smaller capacitance than either said first or second charge-store elements.
 15. An apparatus for electric power conversion, said apparatus comprising a converter, said converter comprising a switching network having a high-voltage terminal, a low-voltage terminal, and switching elements that control current flow between said high-voltage terminal and a plurality of regulating circuits connected to said low-voltage terminal through which a non-zero average DC current flows during operation of said converter, and a controller configured for causing said switching network to be in one of first, second, and third states, wherein, in said first state, said controller causes said switching elements and a first charge-storage element to assume a first arrangement that defines a first path along which first current flows through said switching network between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal, wherein, in said second state said controller causes said switching elements and a second charge-storage element to assume a second arrangement that defines a second path along which second current flows through said switching network between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal, wherein, in said third state, said controller configures said switching elements to suppress current between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal to a level that is below an absolute value of an average of said first and second currents, wherein during said first state there is a non-zero average change in charge stored in said first charge-storage element, and wherein during said second state there is a non-zero average change in charge stored in said second charge-storage element.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a memory device, and a central processing unit, wherein said memory device is connected to a first regulating circuit from said plurality of regulating circuits, and wherein said central processing unit is connected to a second regulating circuit from said plurality of regulating circuits.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said first and second regulating circuits are integrated into a power-management integrated circuit.
 18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising first and second regulating circuits that are connected to said switching network via said low-voltage terminal.
 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said first and second arrangements cause an amount of charge on said first and second charge-storage elements to change by causing charge to pass through an inductor.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said inductor is a constituent of a regulating circuit from said plurality of regulating circuits.
 21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said charge passes through an inductor outside of a regulating circuit.
 22. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said charge passes through an inductance outside of a regulating circuit and also through an inductance inside of a regulating circuit.
 23. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said controller is configured such that, during first and second time intervals, said controller connects said plurality of regulating circuits to said first switching network, and during a third time interval that is between said first and second time intervals, said controller disconnects said plurality of regulating circuits from said switching network.
 24. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein each of said regulating circuits drives a corresponding one of a plurality of loads.
 25. An apparatus for electric power conversion, said apparatus comprising a converter, said converter comprising a semiconductor die into which is integrated an integrated circuit comprising a switching network having a high-voltage terminal, a low-voltage terminal, and switching elements that control current flow between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal through which a non-zero average DC current flows during operation of said converter, and a controller configured for causing said switching network to be in one of first, second, and third states, wherein, in said first state, said controller causes said switching elements and a first charge-storage element to assume a first arrangement that defines a first path along which first current flows through said switching network between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal, wherein, in said second state said controller causes said switching elements and a second charge-storage element to assume a second arrangement that defines a second path along which second current flows through said switching network between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal, wherein, in said third state, said controller configures said switching elements to suppress current between said high-voltage terminal and said low-voltage terminal to a level that is below an absolute value of an average of said first and second currents, wherein during said first state there is a non-zero average change in charge stored in said first charge-storage element, and wherein during said second state there is a non-zero average change in charge stored in said second charge-storage element.
 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein said switching network on said integrated circuit is connected to charge-storage elements.
 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said charge-storage elements are disposed adjacent to said integrated circuit.
 28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said charge-storage elements are disposed above said integrated circuit.
 29. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said charge-storage elements are disposed beside said integrated circuit.
 30. The apparatus of claim 25, further comprising solder bumps, wherein said switching network is connected to said solder bumps.
 31. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein said low-voltage terminal is connected to an inductor. 